<http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/bhattarai100508.html>
The Next Step in Nepal:
An Interview with Dr. Baburam Bhattarai of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
by Stephen Mikesell and Mary Des Chene

Q. On May Day what was the message that the party was putting to the workers?

On the historic May Day our message to the working class was, we are
making revolution in Nepal in a very indigenous way, but we have a lot
of challenges to face. The reactionaries won't leave the stage of
history very easily. They'll put up a very strong resistance, so we
have to take this challenge very seriously, we have to prepare for a
strong resistance from the overthrown feudal and reactionary classes.
This is one message we gave to the working class. And the second
message was, if we have to build a new Nepal, then we'll have to
concentrate on making a new national unity. We need peace, stability,
and progress, and for that the working class will take the lead to do
away with all remnants of feudalism -- feudal production relations --
and develop industrial relations oriented towards socialism, which
will solve the long term demands of the working class. Those are the
two messages we conveyed during the May Day programmes.

Q. What's the practical approach that you're going to use to work in
that direction?

The first step is, though we have won the election, the reactionary
classes are hatching various conspiracies, especially the
imperialists. They're trying to instigate the monarchist forces and
the bureaucratic bourgeois class, which is strongly aligned with the
imperialists. They're instigating them not to hand over power to the
Maoists. So for that we may have to go through a process of struggle,
for which the working class and all the oppressed masses should be
prepared. If need be, we'll have to go to the street to resist this
reactionary backlash. Practically, we appealed to them to get
prepared. And secondly, after we form the government under our
leadership, then we'll have to provide some immediate relief to the
working class and the poor people, those who have suffered all along,
they're suffering from poverty, unemployment, and also discrimination.
Families of those martyred. They're poor people. Their sons and
daughters were martyred so they will need immediate relief. And there
are others who were disappeared, and those who were injured. That's
one aspect. The other aspect is the real basic poor people, working
classes, who need economic relief, immediately. So we are thinking of
providing a public distribution system, a network of cooperative
stores whereby we can provide basic goods to the working class and the
poor people. We want to provide some fund for that. And then, for
education and health. Our position has been that education and health
and employment should be -- and also shelter and food security --
these should be the fundamental right of the masses of the people.
This we have already promised in our manifesto. And partially it has
been written in the interim constitution also. So we'll try to put it
into practice. And for that, we'll have to prepare a new budget, and
appropriate new policy of the new government. The working class and
the mass of the poor people should contribute to this process. They
should advise our party and the future government, and they should be
very vigilant to keep the government in line. If the public and the
working class and the poor masses don't put pressure, then the
government may not be able to move in the right direction. There are
very bad historical experiences in this regard, you see. So until and
unless the working class is very vigilant and exercises its power to
control the government from below, there are chances of the government
deviating, not implementing what it has promised during the elections.

Q. What steps are you taking to give people the means to exert that
pressure from below?

Firstly, our party recognizes that even when we participate in the
government, this government is not a fully revolutionary government,
it is a transitional government. So we'll have to compromise with the
other classes. But we would like to take the lead. We would like to
transform the state from within. For that we have to create pressure
from outside. For that our party's position is that the whole
leadership of the party won't join the government. One section of the
leadership will join the government, and the other section of the
party leadership will remain outside and continue organizing and
mobilizing the masses. So the party will take that route. Many of us
will be [in the government]. The main form of struggle will be from
within the government, to make the new constitution. But another
section will remain outside the government. That's why all of our
central leaders didn't participate in the elections. We want to
organize and mobilize the masses so that they can put pressure on the
government. So this is one aspect. And we want to develop certain
institutions. Though we haven't found the concrete form for them yet,
we have made some policy decisions. When we put forth the concept of
development of democracy in the 21st century, our slogan was that the
government and the party should be constantly supervised by the
masses, and the masses should intervene at times if need be. This is
our policy. But we have not been able to find the concrete form.
What will be the way of intervening in case the government deviates?
What will be the form of putting pressure, apart from public
demonstrations? How will they intervene in the state system? That
mechanism we are trying to work out.

Q. What about means for the masses to supervise the constituent assembly?

The immediate task will be to make the new constitution with the full
participation of the real masses of the people in making their
constitution.

Q. But there are very practical issues of organization. All the forms
of relation between the people and the constituent assembly have yet
to be determined, and there's no assurance that effective mechanisms
will be established.

We can formulate rules and regulations. The interim constitution is
quite open on that issue. We can develop some modalities whereby the
committees being formed within the constituent assembly will be
required to go to different places and organize mass meetings, collect
the opinion of the masses. That type of mechanism will have to be
developed. At least our party will propose that. . . . If need be
there could even be a referendum on certain articles. We'll try to
develop a consensus even within the political parties and then, if
not, we'll go for a two thirds majority, and in case needed, for
certain issues, we could go to a referendum. Our approach will be to
involve the maximum number of the mass of the people in the decision
making process.

Q. How are you dealing with the challenge of bringing in international
capital and retaining domestic capital within the country, in a way
that is in keeping with your own economic policy?

Our main emphasis will be mobilizing internal resources. Until and
unless we can mobilize internal resources, at least for basic needs,
then we'll always be blackmailed by the international capital. So our
first priority would be to mobilize our internal resources. But even
then, in the immediate sense, we'll need some foreign capital. At
least for long term economic development we have to make investment in
basic infrastructure, and so on, using international capital. For
that we're trying to re-negotiate with the international agencies. Of
course they will try to put pressure. But we are already in contact
with some of them. And they also have their own compulsions, you see.
If they don't cooperate, they will also face the resistance of the
people. They all have their strategic interests. Nepal being located
in a very strategic place between China and India, and these forces, I
think they have their eyes on the big markets of India and China, and
if there is not a favorable situation in Nepal, they will be hurt, you
see -- not immediately, but in the long term strategic sense. In that
way they also have their certain interest in Nepal. So that, if we
negotiate very carefully, though they will try to bring pressure -- we
know it, this is the nature of international capital, to twist the
arms of the poor countries and poor people -- even then, I think if we
move very carefully, we can take some liberties out of that.

Q. Moving back to labor issues again, how are you involving the
working class and in particular your unions in the economic policy of
the country?

Our unions are the strongest in Nepal. We came into this [peace]
process two years ago. In almost all the factories and workplaces, we
have organized the workers, and our trade union is the strongest in
the country. Wherever there have been [union] elections, we have won
almost all of them. It may sound anachronistic, but just to give you
an example, in the 5 star hotels where there were elections, we won
all of them. Our trade unions got strong because they bargained with
the management for the rights of the workers. To increase pay and
provide benefits and facilities according to law. They were not paid
earlier, and they were not provided with facilities. So the
management were forced to pay. And there was a lot of attraction of
workers to our trade unions. But on the other side, the reactionaries
are instigating the management, saying that the Maoist trade unions
are putting undue pressure, so there is no conducive environment for
investment, and in this way they're encouraging capital flight. Some
capital has fled also, so we have to make that [. . .]. Just the
other day we were at a gathering of nationalist [capitalists] and
traders and we tried to show them that our main focus right now is to
do away with feudalism and do away with the feudal relations of
production, and the very dependent capitalism, not national and
international capitalism. So we try to distinguish between these.
Firstly, we want to do away with feudalism. Then we want to develop
our productive investment capital, not the very parasitic capital we
have right now. This is what we call comprador and bureaucratic
capitalism which doesn't promote production, and doesn't promote
employment. It is only that type of distorted, dependent capitalism,
which is developing in the country, that we are against. We are not
against productive and industrial capitalism, you know, which provides
goods, provides jobs, creates value within the country, and at least
resists the imperialist interventions within the country. That type
of national capitalism we promote. We tried to convince the
nationalists and traders that we'll create a favorable environment.

Q. What's your position on Nepal's WTO membership in this context?
There are a lot of conditions within the WTO membership that preclude
some of the things you're saying.

Yes. That problem is there. It's very difficult to totally come out
of the WTO. You can't be within the WTO, you can't come out of it.
That dilemma is there.

Q. So the CPN(Maoist) doesn't have a formal position on this issue?

We haven't made a formal position on this so far.

Q. Following up on the role of the trade unions, theoretically in
communism and socialism the working class are the rulers. So how do
the trade unions insert themselves into the party policy and your
state policy?

So far, our trade unions are highly politicized. Our workers have
very good political consciousness. When they put demands, for the
most part they know they are fighting for political and state power.
We have tried to inculcate in the working class that unless and until
you have state power in your hands, whatever economic gains you get,
you won't be able to defend. It is the first thing we try to
inculcate in the working class. So the trade unions are highly
politically conscious. But apart from that we have to make a balance
also, because if we don't make economic demands then a large section
of the working class wouldn't attain a very high level of political
consciousness -- they won't be organized. So that balance we have to
make, between political and economic demands. We are trying to create
a balance. And within the factories we try to create -- though we
haven't called the system a soviet formally -- but in general since
most of the workers, the majority of the workers are organized in our
trade unions, they've been able to assert their position within the
factories, so the management is forced to take the working class into
confidence while making big policy decisions. So that has been
achieved. Not formally in the sense of a soviet -- we haven't been
able to organize as a political power in the factories. But because
of their strong presence, they have been quite successful in exerting
pressure and influencing the decision making within the factories.

Q. Most of Nepal's workers are not within the industrial or formal
sector. Most of them are in the, you could say, peasantry. So what's
the position of the party on the peasantry and its role in the party
and in the state?

Mostly ours is a peasant-based economy, because two thirds of the
workforce is engaged in agriculture. So in that sense our most
important sector is the agronomic sector. And most of them are poor
peasants. You see the pattern of landholding. It's called owner
peasant. Those who own less than 0.5 hectares of land, around 70% of
the peasants own less than 1 hectare, and around 50% own less than 0.5
hectare. So there's a very small land ownership. The totally
landless peasants are about 10-15% of the total. We are trying to
organize the peasants into peasant associations, and within the
peasant associations we try to organize the poor peasants and landless
peasants separately. Also, there have been some movements, the
seizing of land from the feudal landlords and the redistribution among
the peasants. That has happened.

Q. At the same time , now there are pressures and promises about
returning property seized during the armed struggle, and your party
has also made some [post-election] statements about carrying through
with land reform.

Yes, this is one of the sticking points in the peace process, because
the landlord's lands were seized by the peasants during the People's
War. In the peace accord, there was quite an ambiguous provision.
The land which was seized unjustifiably, that will be returned. This
is the word -- 'unjustifiable', 'unjustifiably'. It is very
ambiguous. That is why it has not been resolved. This has been the
sticking point. Our peasants are not returning the land because they
think it is rightful seizure, because the landlord had in fact always
seized it from the peasants, you see. So they have seized it back.
This is the argument of the peasants. And on the landlord side, they
would say it is the right to private property, so that is the
encouragement of the democratic [bourgeois] sides. So that type of
struggle is going on. But in the interim constitution we put a
provision for making scientific land reform. Though we wanted to put
the word 'radical' or 'revolutionary', we had to compromise on the
term 'scientific' land reform. So there is again an ambiguity there
-- what do we mean by 'scientific land reform'? Our interpretation is
revolutionary land reform based on the principle of land to the
tiller. Those who are actually tilling the land should own the land.
This has been our interpretation. The other side is trying to
interpret it differently. So there is also contention going on over
this issue.

Q. In Volume 3 of Capital, Marx made the point that if you just have
straight redistribution into small plots it actually becomes a process
of even more land consolidation because the small plots are facing a
very concentrated capital, and it's very hard for them to survive.

That's why we're trying to promote cooperatives. You see, one of our
slogans has been that the small peasants should organize in
cooperatives and the state should provide certain specific facilities
and rights to the cooperatives. If they're working and organized in
cooperatives, then they can compete, or they can at least defend
themselves from the encroachment of capital, and big capital.

Q. That's an example of something that could be included in the
interim constitution in some form, that could have significant
progressive consequences. But as the numbers have turned out, even if
all the left forces unite, there is not quite the required two-thirds
majority to pass a constitutional provision, there's about sixty
percent only. So there' s a real dilemma about how the assembly can
proceed in a way that will produce, even if it's a compromise, a
constitution that's genuinely progressive.

You are very right. In fact the path won't be easy, it will be a big
struggle that we'll have to face for making the new constitution.
That we know. But one good thing is, since we have got 37% of the
seats in the constituent assembly, which is more than one-third, we
have the veto power you see. They don't have two thirds without us.
At least we can resist a very reactionary constitution. If they won't
allow us to form a very progressive constitution, still we can prevent
them from creating a very reactionary constitution. So that will be a
big stalemate. It will be difficult for us to win, but we won't lose,
you see. We can't lose. But they won't want to let us win either.
That's the thing.

Q. Because you have veto power, maybe they'll also be forced to give
in a bit too. Though they can also play the dynamic that's been
played with this past government, where stalemates and therefore
continuing lack of change may then get blamed on you -- I'm not saying
fairly so -- because you're the force that's preventing a decision
from being made. And those kinds of politics were played quite
effectively by the king, for example, over a few years, even with
these Congress governments and so on.

That's the thing you see, with this triangular contention in Nepal,
between feudalism and monarchy, the parliamentary bourgeois forces,
and the proletarian left forces. First we want to do away with
feudalism and monarchy. Then the contention between the bourgeois
forces and the proletarian left forces will be sharpened in the days
to come. In fact we have prepared ourselves for that. In case they
don't allow us to assume the leadership and implement progressive
measures, then we'll resist. Our main weapon will be to mobilize the
masses. As I said earlier, one section of the party will constantly
engage in mobilizing the masses. This has been our strategy. In the
central committee meeting we have decided that. We'll follow a
two-pronged approach. We'll try to intervene maximally from within
the state. We'll try to lead the state. We'll try to implement
progressive programmes. But we know there'll be a lot of resistance.
To counter that, we have to mobilize and organize the masses. We have
already given instructions to the party, to the lower levels, that
they should organize themselves and instruct the masses. At any time
they may have to come to the street and resist.

Q. How are you thinking now about the role for YCL (Young Communist
League), both in that kind of mobilizing you're talking about and the
kind of immediate relief you were talking about earlier in the
interview, the need for really immediate relief. Do you see a role
for YCL there as well?

The YCL will play a very important role. The reactionaries are very
frightened of the YCL. They are right in that sense, because, though
it is not true that they are using any force illegally or otherwise,
it is a very dedicated political force. During the election and
earlier they played a very important role in organizing the masses and
resisting the intimidating tactics of the reactionary classes. All
these years, the reactionary classes have been intimidating the poor
masses of the people, not letting them vote, you see. It has happened
earlier, but this time the YCL resisted that. And then the
reactionaries made a big hue and cry: "The YCL intimidated!" The YCL
didn't intimidate, but, in fact, the YCL prevented the intimidation
practiced by the reactionary classes all these years, throughout
history. This is known to all. So in the days to come one of the
functions of the YCL will to be to resist any reactionary onslaught of
the feudal, and monarchist, and the reactionary classes and to defend
the masses of the people. The second part will be to mobilize and
engage themselves in production activities and providing relief to the
masses of the people.

Q. When they are involved in production activities they could also be
involved in teaching circles and teaching about the constitutional
assembly.

Yes, yes, that is the way of thinking: we will train our YCL cadres to
organize the masses, to engage in education and health service, and in
construction and production activities.

Q. Is it the Congress or CPN(UML), one of the two, is setting as a
condition for being part of a coalition government that the YCL be
dissolved.

That shows their reactionary character, you see. Because all these
years they have practiced rigging and [. . .]. The YCL prevented
that, they know it, so that's why they are asking for that. So there
is no chance of considering such a stupid and reactionary line. The
YCL will defend the masses of the people. If they don't want to, then
let them not join. We say, if you want to join the government, then
join. We will lead the government as part of a coalition. If they
are not ready for that, being the single largest party we will form
the government. If they don't allow that, then we'll go to the masses
of the people and bring out another movement. Those are the three
choices we have. But we won't compromise on basic issues. No.
Because people want change, they have given us a mandate for change.
If the reactionary forces don't allow us to put this mandate into
practice, then we will go to the masses of the people, rather than
succumbing to the pressure of the reactionaries.

Q: And this mandate for change has been taking the form of the slogan
of a "New Nepal". What exactly is meant by that and how is it
expected to come about?

Yes, "New Nepal" has been a very effective slogan given by our party
during the election. "New thought and new leadership for a new
Nepal," that was our basic slogan. And I think that people took it
very well, and that is why they voted for us. So by New Nepal, what
we mean is, first, politically, we want to dismantle all the feudal
political, economic, social and cultural relations. That will be one
aspect of New Nepal. The other aspect of New Nepal will be making
drastic socioeconomic transformation in a progressive way. The one is
destruction of the old, the other will be construction of the new.
There will be two aspects. And our basic focus will be on economic
activities: the transforming of the agriculture sector, and then
developing productive forces, industrial relations, so that the
workers and the youth will be provided employment. And that will
create a basis for going toward socialism. Our economic slogan that
we gave was: "New transitional economic policy." That means
industrial capitalism -- development of industrial capitalism --
oriented towards socialism. This has been our work for the interim
period.

Q: Going back to the topic of agriculture for a moment -- in your
dissertation, the indicators you used for measuring development seem
to be kind of mainstream indicators of fertilizer, application of
machines and land-holding concentration. Do you think that this is
actually something that fits in Nepal?

No, I understand. I was forced to do this because of lack of
statistical data, you see. I couldn't manufacture my own data, I had
to rely on the given data and the given framework in which it was
available. Because of that constraint, I had to use those indicators.
That's why I was only able to give an approximation, not real
averages, but just approximations. That I mentioned in my
dissertation.

Q. So now in thinking about transforming agriculture, which is one
base of the economy, what kinds of things would you be concentrating
on now? Say you can take power in the government and set agricultural
policy, what are your top three moves?

Well firstly, in the agricultural sector, we are going to change the
production relations, and land-holding patterns we want to change.
Especially in the plain areas; landlordism is there. The absentee
landlords who own land, thousands of hectares of land they would own:
they live in cities, they don't invest, they don't manage the
production, so that way they exploit the poor peasants who till the
land. The peasants are exploited and the productivity is also very
low. So we want to abolish that type of absentee landlordism and
enforce the principle of land to the tiller. That land which is
tilled will be redistributed. So we will put a ceiling, say of some
four or five hectares and above that land will be confiscated and
redistributed to the peasants. So this is one aspect of land reform.
The other will be that we are going to organize the poor peasants,
because many of them will be very small landholders. I've already
told you, less that 0.5 hectares. And they engage very much in
subsistence farming. So with that individual cultivation and farming,
they can never improve their economic lot. We want to organize these
poor peasants into cooperatives. That is the second aspect. And
thirdly, we want to modernize agriculture -- mechanization, modern
irrigation, and so on.

Q. And on the question of agriculture that is focused on food security
within the country versus export economy agriculture, what's your
view?

Our emphasis will be different from the economic policy determined by
the World Bank and FAO, which has been export oriented, and peasants
are not encouraged to produce food crops, they have been encouraged to
produce cash crops for export. The dependency has been increased, the
food security has decreased, so you see the food crisis increasing.
This is one of the consequences of the World Bank policy -- wrong
policy. So we wouldn't like to just blindly follow that policy.
Firstly, the peasants' food security will be given high priority.
They should produce food and cater to the needs of the internal
market. And then secondly only, they can produce for export. So that
will be our priority.

Q. We know that you have to go. Is there anything you want to say to
the Left in North America?

You see the crisis is international in scale: there is a direct fight
between the proletarian ideology and imperialist ideology. This is
in the whole of this so-called globalization. Globalization has given
this sharp class contradiction, of two classes. So North America
being the center of imperialism, the working class and Left forces
there, I think they should organize themselves and the stronger the
movement against imperialism there, that will be helpful for the Left
and proletarian movement in the Third World countries, because the
Third World countries are the most oppressed by imperialism. If there
is a strong working class movement and Left movement in the
imperialist countries, that will directly help the revolutionary
movement in the Third World countries. That way we appeal to our
friends in North America. They should sharpen their struggle against
imperialism. That will help our movement in our countries.

Q. The workers there see themselves as being forced into competition
with workers in Third World countries because all their jobs, that is,
capital, is moving to the Third World and leaving them unemployed.

That is because of the nature of imperialism, you see. It is not the
fault of the Third World countries. They want to exploit the Third
World countries more.

Q. Exactly. They want to use these countries to weaken the workers in
the. . . .

They want to use the workers of the poor countries against the workers
of the rich countries. Instead of that, I think that we should have
international working class solidarity, and we have to coordinate the
policy against imperialism. When you don't have this political
sharpness and political consciousness, the working class in the
imperialist countries will think workers of the dependent countries or
Third World countries are their enemy, you see. Workers are not their
enemy; imperialism is their enemy. So I think this consciousness
should be developed among the workers of the imperialist countries.

Stephen Mikesell and Mary Des Chene are anthropologists who study
Nepal's economy and politics. This interview was originally conducted
in Nepal for WORT-FM community radio, Madison, Wisconsin. Portions of
it were broadcast on 4 May 2008. It appears also in the 10-16 issue
of the Economic and Political Weekly.