Jeyakumar (`Kumar') Devaraj (third from right) with PSM supporters.
By Jeyakumar Devaraj
November 8,
2008 -- Ever since the First International, building and working within
coalitions with other groups has been one of the strategies used by the left to
attempt to advance its political agenda. This practice has continued up until
the present.
However the
strategy of working in coalitions with other groups has, fairly often, led to
controversy, disagreements and even acrimonious splits, both of the coalitions
as well as within the left parties involved themselves.
Why does
this happen? Is the strategy of coalition work worth the effort and trouble?
What are the benefits of coalition building? What are measures a socialist
party can take to avoid some of the negative consequences of coalition
political work?
I intend to
use the experience of the Socialist Party of Malaysia (Parti Sosialis Malaysia—PSM) as a basis for an analysis of
these questions, although the specificities of the situation in other countries
might be quite different from that of ours in Malaysia.
The benefits derived from coalition work
The PSM has
been involved in coalition work ever since we formed the party. In fact, it was
a coalition of groups working with plantation workers and urban pioneers that
came together to form the PSM in 1996. While working to set up the PSM we
continued with the coalition work to further the cause of the plantation
workers and urban pioneers. This effort was widened in 2002 with the formation
of the Network of Oppressed Peoples (JERIT), which widened the sectors being
addressed to include factory workers, smallholders and youth.
This
networking was and is an important component of our work with marginalised
groups facing imminent eviction, for networking helps in spotlighting the
injustice of the situation, and the complicity or worse of the government
agencies involved, and helps generate public and media pressure that together
with dogged resistance of the marginalised community to hold on to their land
and/or houses has led to a number of small victories at the level of these
communities. These small victories are important to the development of our
movement – it is good for people to see that when people get together and act
collectively, they can uphold their rights.
In 2004,
the PSM took its praxis to a different level. We played a leading role in
forming the Coalition Against the Privatisation of Health Care which managed to
attract the support of 82 groups – opposition political parties, unions, NGOs,
consumer groups and others. The PSM also played an important leadership role
within the Coalition Protesting the US-Malaysia FTA, the Coalition to Prevent
Privatisation of the Water Supply, the anti-Internal Security Act campaign, the
campaign against the proposed goods and services tax and Protes – the anti-oil-price hike coalition. The PSM’s active
involvement in all these coalitions was due to a decision taken at the 2003 party
congress that the PSM should attempt to widen its appeal to larger sections of
workers, small farmers and young people. We didn’t want to create the
impression of a party that only handled evictions and retrenchments.
In the
campaigns against privatisation and neoliberal trade agreements, working within
a coalition was very useful to us. In many instances, the analysis and campaign
material (pamphlets, posters and articles) were produced by the PSM. However
the coalition gave us a wide network through which we could get our analysis to
the people, as well as to the activists of the other groups within the
coalition. For example, the Coalition Against the Privatisation of Health Care could
pamphlet 20 government hospitals throughout the country on the same morning because
of the network created by the coalition. Such activities helped raise the
profile of the PSM and establish the relevance of our analysis. The PSM was
also able to impress upon the coalition partners that we are serious, that we
could meet our targets, and that our activists are disciplined and unafraid of
the police. Such impressions are important for a new left party trying to
introduce itself into the national political landscape.
The PSM
came into being in the mid 1990s -- a particularly bad time for the left
worldwide. The left had been thoroughly defeated, with the collapse of the
Eastern Bloc as one of the most obvious manifestations. Left parties had thrown
in the towel and either dissolved themselves or attempted to re-brand
themselves. In Malaysia, where socialism had become a bad
word associated with violence, authoritarianism and atheism, the last socialist
party, the Malaysian Peoples Socialist Party (PSRM) , dropped
the term socialist from its name and constitution. Against this backdrop, very
few thought that the PSM had any chance of surviving let alone growing.
However
today, several of the leaders of the parties comprising the opposition Pakatan Rakyat (or People’s Alliance – a coalition that includes the
People's Justice Party [Parti Keadilan
Rakyat – PKR], the Democratic Action Party [DAP] and the Parti Islam Se-Malaysia[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party – PAS]) claim to be socialist. One of the Pakatan
Rakyatcomponent parties played the ``Internationale’’
at its annual conference earlier this year. Several young people have set the ``Internationale’’
as the ring tone for their cell phones. This rehabilitation of the left is of
course due to a multitude of factors, including the arrogance of US
imperialism, the mess that neoliberal capitalism is making of the world, the
efforts of the veterans of the Malaysian left struggle in the 1950s onwards to
re-tell their side of the story through numerous publications, and the news
from Venezuela and other Latin American countries.
But the
impact of a small unregistered party standing with oppressed communities and
actually pulling off small local victories, coordinating nation-wide campaigns
against privatisation despite getting arrested and tear-gassed time and again
must have also played a part in the rehabilitation of the left in at least a
portion of the population.
Coalition politics post-2008 election
The March
2008 elections was a watershed event that has brought about a new political
environment. The PSM now has two elected members of parliament, a state assembly
member in the Pakatan Rakyat -controlled state of Selangor, and a federal
member of parliament in the Pakatan Rakyat -controlled state of Perak. While
not a member of the newly formalised Pakatan Rakyat coalition, the PSM is now associated with the state
governments in two states.
How have we
defined that relationship?
A separate identity: We had no
difficulty in deciding to uphold our separate identity, though there were many
friends and supporters who wanted us to merge with one of the component parties
within the Pakatan Rakyat . Our decision to maintain our separate identity
derives from our analysis of the Pakatan Rakyat as at best a reformist formation that will not
challenge private ownership of the means of production within the country or
corporate-led globalisation and unequal terms of trade internationally.Our
analysis is that the pledges of the Pakatan Rakyat governments to look after welfare of the
population will soon run up against the anti-labour requirements of its neoliberal
macro-economic policies. Most Pakatan Rakyat leaders appear to accept without question the
“need” to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) into the country. A
senior Pakatan Rakyat leader proposed
that corporate tax be reduced from its current 25% to 17% as a measure to boost
the flagging economy. He didn’t seem to be aware that such a move would
necessitate the much more regressive goods and services tax. Competing for FDI
means that we continue “the race to the bottom” – but most Pakatan Rakyat leaders seem quite blissfully unaware of
this!
However –
and this for us this is an important factor to take into our calculations – at
present many Malaysians have high hopes on the Pakatan Rakyat for this is the first time in five decades
that the Barisan Nasional
stranglehold on Malaysian politics has been broken.This is definitely not the time
for strident attacks on Pakatan Rakyat , for in the unfolding struggle for
federal power between the massively corrupt and chauvinistic Barisan Nasional
and the yet unsullied Pakatan Rakyat , the majority of Malaysians are rooting
for Pakatan Rakyat .
[The
Barisan Nasional or National Front is the ruling coalition, made up of Malaysia’s three largest race-based parties
— the dominant United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malaysian
Chinese Association (MCA), and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC).]
Support for a minimum program:
The Pakatan
Rakyat has promised
- a
clean and transparent government, where corruption which has reached epidemic
proportions under the Barisan Nasional will be brought under control;
- the
abrogation of ethnic-based quotas. Affirmative action to be defined by socioeconomic
need and not ethnicity.
- The
creation of a welfare state where the needs of the poorest and the marginalised
will be met.
All of
these are in line with the principles of the PSM, and we have announced our
readiness to help implement these. We want the Pakatan Rakyat to deliver on these promises
The PSM has
already proposed to the Pakatan Rakyat state
governments that they:
i)Abrogate the granting of land that has been
tilled for decades by small farmers to developers and companies by the Barisan
Nasional government. We are arguing that giving the land without considering
the plight of the farmers who have been there for three generations, even if
technically “legal”, is unethical, and on that ground, the Pakatan Rakyatgovernment should use its powers of land
acquisition and grant the small farmers the right to continue their farming.
ii) Use the
Land Acquisition Act to resolve the
problem of retrenched estate workers who have been fighting for years for
alternative housing. We have asked the state governments to take a few acres of
estate land to be distributed as housing lots to these workers.
iii) Cease
the promotion of health tourism as the accelerated development of the market
for private medicine undermines the competency of the public hospitals.
The Pakatan
Rakyatstate governments have not taken
a position on these issues as yet, but we intend to follow up on them.
Criticism of anti-people
positions or policies: The PSM has
taken a position that we should give the Pakatan Rakyatsome room to implement its policies and not
be overly critical of it. However if Pakatan Rakyatleaders espouse positions that attack ordinary
people, we should speak up and do so firmly.
Such a
situation arose recently when a DAP exco member in the state government of
Perak stated that the government would not hesitate to evict a group of 12
urban pioneers from their riverside houses if they refused to move out on their
own – the government is offering a paltry RM3000 and the option of renting a
flat unit. The people concerned are asking for alternative housing lots.
The PSM central
committee member who is helping to coordinate the urban pioneers’ coalition
responded with a press statement forcefully criticising the exco member’s
statement. This was disseminated through email, and other DAP elected
representatives have responded to the PSM assuring that there will not be any
forced evictions.
The dialetics of `success’
As Marxists
we would be grossly negligent if we do not anticipate the developments within
our movement that might be created by the changes in the political scenario.
(Many of our friends, especially from the Trotskyist tradition, consider the
PSM as weak on ideology. But one doesn’t have to be erudite in Marxist
literature to understand, and more importantly, apply basic Marxist tenets as a
guide to one’s praxis!)
Coalition
politics might create opportunities and situations which might help us in the
short run. However, we must be acutely cognisant of the fact that our current
“successes” will create forces and processes that can alter the nature of our
organisation – and these changes might undermine our long-term objectives.
Let’s take
the situation that the PSM is facing as an example. The political tsunami of
March 2008 in Malaysia has brought two of our leaders into
parliament/state assembly – the first time in 34 years that socialist candidates
have actually won in an election in Malaysia. Of course, this has boosted the spirits
of our members and supporters and we are getting far more press coverage than
before. We also find our access to ordinary people has become so much easier.
But we have
to remain vigilant that our “success” doesn’t undermine our long-term goal of
putting forward a socialist option for the people of Malaysia. Among the problems that are
already apparent are:
- The politics of hand-outs The
Selangor state government has made available RM500,000 for each state assembly
member from the Pakatan Rakyat . So our candidate has to dispense this huge sum
of money to needy residents in his constituency. Giving out money isn’t that
simple if one wants to ensure it reaches the really needy and that there is no
misappropriation. All this takes time – one runs the dual danger of being
caught up in the bureaucratic processes of handling and accounting for the
money, and the perception of the public that you are some sort of perennial
Santa Claus. Even worse is the possibility that we become hooked to this
availability of funds to be dispensed to the constituents – to the extent that
we find it difficult to operate without these funds. Barisan Nasional
politicians are in this quandary. Their constituents expect a Santa Claus. We
are creating the same expectation in our constituents. Dependency on funds will
make us dependent on the coalition even when it lurches rightward!
- The politics of welfare Malaysian
voters are used to bringing their problems to their elected representatives.
Both elected PSM members are swamped with “welfare” cases. Though we both have
full-timers who help us handle these cases, a lot of time is taken in handling
these. Before we won, the portion of time taken up by welfare work was much less
than now. We could spend more time on developing campaigns against neoliberal
policies. Now we are bogged down with “servicing” the constituency and there is
proportionately much less time spent in highlighting the deficiencies of the
capitalist system.
- Over-emphasis on the elected member The public
and the press promote the elected member over the team. We too are constrained
by the need to promote the elected members – to show that they are delivering
on their election promises; that they are good pro-people politicians, etc.The PSM had
a fairly egalitarian structure where group work and consensus was important.
Electoral success has tended to change the dynamics within the group because of
the prominence given to the elected member. A good militant grassroots organiser
may not be the best person to handle meetings and debates that come with
positions in parliament, the state assembly and muncipal councils [the PSM also
has some local council postions]. Someone with better academic qualifications
could play such roles better, but that person’s politics may not be as radical
as the grassroot person’s. The PSM’s “success” will tend to lead to the
relative loss of prominence and influence of the militant grassroots organisers
unless this tendency is recognised and countered.
- Dependency on funds for the party machinery Electoral
success has led (for us) to a massive increase in funds available for our work.
Our number of full-timers has jumped from one prior to the election to seven
currently – and this not including the two elected members. The implications of
this has to be considered. Would it tend to make us try to maintain good
relations with a Pakatan Rakyatgovernment
even if it is implementing neoliberal policies because we do not want to
jeopardise our electoral opportunities at the next elections?
Looking at
these influences it isn’t difficult to understand why coalition work often
leads to divisions and splits within socialist parties which start out with a
definite anti-capitalist orientation. Exposure to bourgeois parliamentary
politics and especially the experience of executive power as a member of a coalition
government will tend to dilute one’s anti-capitalist position. And this
probably happens fastest and most thoroughly in the leaders of the party who
participate in electoral politics.
Principles of engagement in coalition
politics?
If there
are so many difficulties and dangers inherent in coalition politics involving
non-socialist parties why even consider taking part in such endeavours?
The PSM did
consider not participating in the electoral process. But most Malaysians take elections
seriously. There is a tremendous mobilisation of the public during the few
weeks prior to elections and for a time afterwards. We decided that we need to
participate and use the carnival-like atmosphere to popularise our symbol and
highlight our analyses. Not participating might keep us “pure” but also might
render us irrelevant in the eyes of the public.
Participating
and losing is alright the first time around. Or even the second time. But a
party cannot keep on losing in every election it participates in. That would
make us seem ineffectual and a bit of a joke! But winning and being associated
with the ruling government, even at state level, is quite a different ball
game.
I think we
have to take the dangers of flirting with bourgeois politics very seriously. It
should be considered a “poisoned chalice” and handled with utmost care! I now
intend to intend to generalise from our limited experience and put forward a
set of principles of engagement in coalition-electoral politics for us to
consider.
1. Ideological clarity is of paramount
importance.
-
We
need to be clear with regards to the political ideology of our coalition
partners. Do the coalition partners accept the need to eradicate the private
ownership of the means of production? This is a crucial issue. If they do not,
then they will only go as far as reform, and when the chips are down, they will
take steps to protect capitalism.
-
We
also need to be clear where we draw the line. Can we go along with policies of
a neoliberal nature? These will seriously undermine our credibility and
support. What the people need now the world over is a party that will stand up
fearlessly to any further neoliberal-type assaults on their income, jobs,
amenities and pensions. Providing a rallying point for this defensive struggle
of the people will win us much more genuine support than staying on in
coalition governments in the hope we can lessen some of the more negative
effects of their pro-capitalist policies!
- We
need to clearly define our priorities. I would argue that presenting a clear
socialist critique – that the root problem is private ownership of capital and
the production for profit – should
always remain the top priority.
2. It is crucial that the culture of consultation and
democratic decision making within the party is preserved and
strengthened. This again relates to the first principle of ideological clarity.
There may develop situations where there are difficult political choices to be
made. An example would be the coalition we are in has decided to implement
certain neoliberal policies that are against the interests of ordinary people.
But our withdrawal of support will lead to the collapse of the coalition and
the grouping waiting in the wings to take over is worse.
Comrade Kumar's distinctive `rust bucket': no perks for the PSM MP
In a situation such as this it would be
healthy for the party to conduct in-depth discussions at branch and as well at
national levels to arrive at a consensus of how to deal with the situation. The
discussion can be widened to include our supporters – a form of a referendum,
so that the decision is well understood by the rank and file as well as the
supporters.
3. For the above two processes to take place, we must
ensure that our representatives who we pushed into parliament, legislative
assemblies and local government councils do not become too comfortable with their new
positions and prestige, access to government executive power and
financial privileges. Otherwise, these representatives, who would also be among
our party’s natural leaders, might become a force of conservatism within our
ranks and lead to the party staying on in a coalition that has begun
implementing neoliberal policies.
There are
several steps that one should take to ensure that our elected representatives
do not get turned-over by the system that we have thrust them into.
- There
should be financial accounting. The elected representatives must only keep a
small portion of the handsome income that they are rewarded with by the system.
This should be clearly defined before candidature.
- Decision
making must be consensual – especially on issues involving party strategy. Of
course we can leave the issues pertaining to the “servicing” of the
constituency more to the candidates who won, but the crucial issues of the
relationship with the coalition must be discussed openly and democratically.
- There
should be active and conscious attempts to counter the tendency to portray the
elected candidates as “cult” figures. Yes, we need to sell our party and our
analysis to the people, but cultism creates too many negative and dangerous trends
within our movement.
- Perhaps
a rotation of members to the elected posts should be practiced. No one member
should be left in an elected post for too long. This would be bad for his/her
socialist soul!
- Other
modes of political work that do not depend on our access to parliament or the
state should continue and be actively developed. For, after all, we have to
keep the option of going into attack mode against the coalition if it seriously
embarks on a neoliberal trajectory!
Coalition
politics does offer the left opportunities to spread its analysis and win over
more supporters and members. But it is a double-edged sword which may actually
result in the subversion of our aims and the destruction of our party.
Left parties
involving themselves in coalition politics should be ever vigilant. Clear
ideology, democratic decision making, avoidance of cultism and a spirit of
sacrifice on the part of the elected representatives are all necessary to avoid
the disasters that have befallen several of the left parties that have taken
the electoral route and attempted coalition politics.
[Jeyakumar
Devaraj is a central committee member of the Socialist Party of Malaysia. He
defeated MIC president Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu in the March 2008 general
election to become the MP for Sungai Siput in Malaysia’s national parliament. This talk
was presented to the PSM’s Socialism Malaysia 2008 conference in Kajang on November
8, 2008.]
Malaysian socialist MP on the ‘dialectics of success’
By Lisa MacDonald
November 2008 -- The Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM), formed only in 1996, shocked Malaysia’s political establishment by winning two seats in the March 8 general elections. Nasir Hashim was elected to the Selangor state legislative assembly and Dr Jeyakumar Devaraj was elected to the national parliament.
Jeyakumar told Green Left Weekly
that the main aim of the PSM’s electoral campaigning is to
“rehabilitate socialism” in Malaysia. “Malaysia has a very rich
socialist history, but since the mid-1970s, the left has been very
weak, the result of severe repression and the international situation.
“When the PSM came into existence, socialism was a bad word for
many people. So the first thing the party wanted to do was show that
socialism is still relevant and has solutions to people’s problems.”
“By standing socialist candidates, we could get national media
attention for our ideas and activities — opportunities to capture
people’s imaginations”, Jeyakumar explained.
For example, “Our candidates have always openly declared their
assets. The other opposition parties talk about the need to do this,
but don’t do it. By being the only party that has done this, we’ve
captured ordinary people’s attention.”
In the 1999 elections, in which Jeyakumar stood for the PSM against
a government minister, there was massive fraud. “The minister bussed in
people to vote for him and we documented that with photographs”, he
recounted.
The PSM took the case to court. “Our evidence was very strong but
they managed to throw it out on a technicality. But it caught national
headlines; here was a small party taking on a minister in court.
“Something like this highlights the fact that our small party has
got the fighting spirit, discipline and cadre to take a stand against
injustice. Local people said, ‘For the first time someone is standing
up! Who are these guys?’
“A lot of the vote for the PSM was a vote against the corrupt
establishment parties, but our work on the ground also played a very
important role — the fact that for 10 years we’d been involved with the
communities”, Jeyakumar said.
“Many of our leaders have been arrested time and again, for standing up
against petrol hikes, the Internal Security Act, evictions. I have been
arrested about seven times on various issues.
“We are seen as the people who will fight, not for themselves but
for other people. Even though a small party, we are seen as principled
and consistent.”
Commenting on what he called the “dialectics of success” — the
contradictions facing a socialist party that has won seats in a
capitalist parliament — Jeyakumar said: “It is a minefield. There’s a
lot of potential, but you can end up pretty messed up.
“Winning positions in parliament has boosted the spirits of our
members and supporters, we are getting far more media coverage and our
access to ordinary people has become easier. But we have to remain
vigilant that our ‘success’ does not undermine our long-term goal of
putting forward a socialist option.”
For example, he explained, the Selangor state government has made
$500,000 available to every MP to distribute to needy constituents.
“It’s good to have money, but managing $500,000 every year takes up so
much time that you don’t have much left to point out that the system is
capitalist, that there’s oppression and so.
“It tends to shift your work into a very welfarist, Santa Claus
mode, but you cannot just say, ‘I am a socialist, I don’t want your
$500,000’. People know that the government has given you this money.”
All federal MPs are also supposed to receive $500,000 for
distribution to the needy, but to date no opposition MP has been given
a cent. In response, the PSM called a meeting of all its contacts in
the local communities and developed a list of projects that should be
funded by the government.
The projects included a Muslim community orphans service, an old
people’s home run by a Chinese group, a service for people with
disabilities and a Tamil family school. “We put these in a formal
application to the government; they came from the people”, Jeyakumar
said.
“But two months later the answer came back: ‘Your application
cannot be considered.’ So now we have produced a leaflet in the three
languages explaining what we asked for, the consultation process we
used and the government’s response. The leaflet asks the community what
they think we should do about it.
“So this has been made a political process, not a welfare process.
And if we get the money after fighting for it, it has a different
meaning for people.
“We are trying to form a ‘people’s consultative council’. We call
local leaders together, we sit with the people and discuss with them.
“We reject the deference given everywhere to MPs. We tell them that
we don’t have the answers; we can help coordinate some things because
we have resources, but they need to tell us the answers.
“This is all unchartered territory for us; what we have done so far
is based on our experiences. But none of the opposition parties have
done anything like it and this makes us stand out. People see us doing
things this way and some decide to join the party.”
The PSM is also very conscious of rejecting the personal material
advantages that come with elected office. “Now, as an MP, I can buy a
house and a new car. There’s a lot of money available.
“By taking the position that we will not buy a new car unless our
old car breaks down, we have made local people question things. It is a
chance to show that socialists do not become MPs to get more money for
themselves.
“We have to be very, very careful that we do not get sucked into
and tied to the system. A lot of left parties, once they have got into
the system, have split.
“If an elected representative gets too used to the high income, the
power and the prestige, then at the next election they will be keen to
stand again, and keen that the party doesn’t take any stands that might
jeopardise their chances of re-election.
“Elected members can become a force for conservatism in the party,
and that can destroy the party. So it is important that Nasir and
myself, as the first PSM members to be elected to parliament, help
ensure that the party has very strict rules to keep MPs principled and
accountable to the party.”
[From Green Left Weekly issue #777, December 3, 2008.]
According to PSM’s Nasir, the implementation of the NEP which focused on one race soon gave currency to the ketuanan Melayu rhetoric. But he says ketuanan Melayu is just a red herring. “Name me one Malay who is a pure Malay. There is virtually none - all Malays are mixed-blood to some degree.”
By Shanon Shah, The Nut Graph
“IF you live in Malaysia, you cannot have ketuanan Melayu. The word ‘ketuanan’ is alienating. Malaysia has Eurasians, Indonesians, Chinese, Indians, and so on. If anyone deserves to be called the ‘tuan’ of this land, it’s the Orang Asli.”
Most Malaysians would be forgiven for thinking that it was a non-Malay Malaysian politician speaking out against ketuanan Melayu. But these sentiments were articulated by Nur Farina Noor Hashim, the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) Puteri bureau head.
“I just had no interest to join Umno,” Farina, who joined PPP in 2004, tells The Nut Graph. PPP is a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN), of which Umno is the dominant party.
Farina is, of course, referring to the position taken by Umno leaders that suggests ketuanan Melayu is synonymous with Malay rights, and that Malay rights are under threat. Or rather, any questioning of ketuanan Melayu is tantamount to threatening the Malay race.
The consistent message from these Umno leaders of late seems to be that only Umno is capable of defending Malays. Or that Umno is the Malay race. And their currency is ketuanan Melayu.
Farina is not the only Malay Malaysian politician to view with some amount of circumspection Umno’s position as defender of the Malays and their supremacy.
“I love Malays and I love Malaysia,” says Gerakan central committee member Dr Asharuddin Ahmad. “But this country cannot survive without non-Malays. We are all Malaysians. The future of Malaysia lies with multiracial parties,” he tells The Nut Graph.
Future of Malaysia lies with multiracial parties, says Asharuddin
Interestingly, Asharuddin is a former Umno member. He joined Umno in 1988, but left to join Gerakan 10 years later. He says he has been branded a traitor to Malay Malaysians, but asserts that joining Gerakan does not make him “any less Malay or more Malay”.
“Umno’s struggle is not wrong, but I prefer Gerakan’s multiracial approach,” Asharuddin says.
“Ketuanan” alienates
Umno leaders’ defensiveness around the ketuanan Melayu rhetoric is not new. Their recent rancour in attacking dissenters within the BN, such as former Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department Datuk Zaid Ibrahim and Gerakan Wanita chief Datuk Tan Lian Hoe, was therefore alarming yet unsurprising.
The question, however, is whether Malay Malaysian politicians have a future outside of Umno, especially if they want to remain within the BN.
In that sense, the case of Gerakan’s Asharuddin is interesting, having crossed over from a party that champions ketuanan Melayu to a multiracial one.
But Asharuddin is not alone. Another ex-Umno member who jumped ship to join a multiracial BN component party is Datuk Nik Sapeia Nik Yusof from PPP.
Nik Sapeia was invited by party president Datuk Dr M Kayveas to join, even though he is still facing court proceedings for the charge of attacking former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad in 2006. Nik Sapeia is now the party’s Kelantan chief.
“Before I came along, nobody believed PPP had any supporters in Kelantan,” Nik Sapeia tells The Nut Graph. “Now in Kelantan, every time I organise an event I get thousands of people attending and supporting it. The Kelantanese are ready and they want change to happen in the political scenario here.”
He says the Kelantanese are increasingly seeing that PPP will bring about this much-needed change.
Asharuddin and Nik Sapeia are undoubtedly minorities among the BN’s multiracial component parties. However, they are slowly coming out of the woodwork, especially since the BN’s unprecedented losses in the 8 March 2008 general election.
Farina feels that Umno’s outbursts and threats will only backfire in the long run.
“Malaysians are very open-minded and intelligent now,” she says. “Our politicians must be on par with the rakyat’s intelligence, because it’s the rakyat who want change and will eventually change this country.”
Multiracial politics
The voices of these non-Umno Malay Malaysians within the BN join those in the Pakatan Rakyat that have also been upping the ante against Umno’s ketuanan Melayu rhetoric.
As part of its election campaign, PAS launched its “PAS for all” tagline. The Islamist party also continues to aggressively recruit non-Muslim support via Kelab Penyokong PAS.
Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) leaders, such as Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim and Dr Syed Husin Ali, have been promoting “ketuanan rakyat” instead of “ketuanan Melayu”. And the DAP also scored a coup when it recruited Tunku Abdul Aziz Ibrahim as the party’s vice-chairperson. He was formerly vice-chairperson of Transparency International’s board of directors.
The Pakatan Rakyat parties are therefore, in varying degrees, grappling with their respective multiracial futures. The previously monoreligious, monoracial PAS is trying to appeal to a wider section of Malaysians. In an interview in the November 2008 issue of Off the Edge, even party spiritual advisor Datuk Nik Aziz Nik Mat said, “[I]f there is a Chinese person in Kelantan who is good, pious and clean, I will campaign for him to become chief minister. As long as he is qualified, as long as he is a Muslim, I don’t care what ethnic background he comes from.”
Nik Aziz Nik Mat (© Murdfreak)
The Chinese-dominated DAP is trying to increase its appeal to non-Chinese Malaysians, specifically Malay Malaysians. And high-level Malay Malaysian leaders in PKR are trying to consolidate the party’s tentative multiracialism.
A little-known fact is that two other opposition parties, albeit non-Pakatan Rakyat members, are multiracial and led by Malay Malaysians. They, too, are vocal in their opposition to the ketuanan Melayu rhetoric.
Historical miscalculations
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM) national chairperson Dr Nasir Hashim says Umno’s racial outbursts are rooted in historical miscalculations.
“We made a mistake, even after Merdeka, when we were emerging as a nation. We should have talked about helping the poor among all races and not just zero in on one race,” he tells The Nut Graph.
Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) president Hassan Karim concurs. He tells The Nut Graph: “The NEP (New Economic Policy), being capitalist and race-based, only benefited a minority of Malays. What about analysing it from a class perspective? Not all Chinese are rich either, you know. There cannot be ketuanan Melayu or ketuanan bukan Melayu. There must be justice for all.”
According to PSM’s Nasir, the implementation of the NEP which focused on one race soon gave currency to the ketuanan Melayu rhetoric. But he says ketuanan Melayu is just a red herring. “Name me one Malay who is a pure Malay. There is virtually none â�� all Malays are mixed-blood to some degree.”
Rather, Umno’s outbursts can be seen as the increasingly desperate acts of a party frustrated by its loss of power, he argues. “Umno is frustrated by its losses during the general election, and continues to use race and religion to divert the anger of poor Malays,” adds Nasir.
“Because as so-called leaders of the Malays, Umno has failed. It has not even been able to help poor Malays and Malay entrepreneurs,” he asserts. Therefore, the ketuanan Melayu rhetoric conveniently redirects the frustration and anger of disenfranchised Malay Malaysians towards other races. Herein lies the danger of Umno’s rhetoric, says Nasir.
“In times of economic difficulty, the ketuanan Melayu rhetoric will likely give rise to fascist tendencies. When people are feeling the pinch and they are frustrated, you just need to cucuk them and then they’ll meletup. Umno knows this only too well,” he says.
Again, PRM’s Hassan concurs. “Ketuanan Melayu will destroy our country. I’m a Malay too, you know, but I believe that what Umno is fighting for is feudalistic. We cannot move forward if we follow Umno.”
The Malay Malaysian leaders interviewed all say that interest in their respective parties, both in the BN and opposition, has risen since 8 March, especially among Malays.
It is definitely heartening that there is a diverse and growing number of Malay Malaysian political leaders speaking out against supremacist rhetoric and for an inclusive society. But it is even more encouraging that they are gaining support.
Perhaps this, then, is the most encouraging indicator yet that racial politics is losing currency in Malaysia