December 10, 2009 – Venezuelanalysis.com/Correo del Orinoco – Marta Harnecker remains ardent, audacious, reflective and perceptive. A collaborator of the Miranda International Centre [in Caracas], she will today [December 3] attend a reception in her honour in the Teresa Carreño Theatre for her outstanding career, fundamentally in the study of the mechanisms to effective take power at the community level and her contributions to Marxist theory.
In carrying out an assessment of the correlation of forces in Latin America, she laughs at those who reproached her about the “failure” of the left... She is passionate about journalism, although she never studied the profession. In fact she was the editor of the magazine Chile Hoy (Chile Today), published during the government of Salvador Allende.
She is the author of more than 80 books. Her most representative work is The Fundamental Concepts of Historical Materialism, the origin of which goes back to 1969 in order to interpret the historical postulates of Louis Althusser, to whom she owes her initial formation as a Marxist interpreter.
Since 2002 she has been in Venezuela, after taking refuge in Cuba for a period of 29 years. She was always on the blacklist of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet’s henchmen. In Venezuela, she has participated in the construction of various experiments in popular [political] participation. On being consulted about the call [by Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez] for a Fifth International, she assures that the necessity for it is evident but that one must take a lot of care in the way one constructs these projects.
“If we want to construct a new international it requires a new left culture. Because if the same parties with all the faults that they have from the past are going to join in this international, without overcoming their deviations, it could transform itself into a fifth bureaucratic International”' she added.
What is the concrete proposal? What should one do?
I believe that we should think about the relationship between the social movements and the parties. It’s necessary to include the social movements, to make a grand (party-movement) front. Those are the things that we have to think out among everyone. That is a difficult thing. Chávez should call a small working meeting with those political and social leaders, including the representatives of the communist parties of course.
One must understand a Fifth International of workers in a broad sense. For example, the woman who works in her house is a worker but not in the classical sense of the term. The idea of the Fifth International appears good to me, but I insist it should reflect a new left culture, because without it there will continue to exist, although today less than before, a rejection of politics by broad sectors of society who still see a political practice by the left, very similar to that of the right.
What are the principal challenges that confront Venezuela on the path towards socialism?
The big challenge of this process is how to overcome the distance between the projects that President Chávez has and reality. The president is the first leader who has understood that without popular power the revolutionary process can’t advance. Now, if you talk about power, but you don’t hand over the possibility of making decisions to the people, that really isn’t participation.
And what prevents it from occurring?
Chávez has made a very important effort to hand over resources to the people in order for them to be able to decide. He could take us toward the society of the future if there were a greater coherence among the whole team or the government that supports him because his ideas are extraordinary. The problem is that between the ideas and the practice there is a big distance. We should ask ourselves, “What are we doing?”. The Venezuelan case, for me, is a revolutionary process that has had the best conditions in the world.
What is happening inside the block of progressive governments in Latin America? Some people are talking about two lefts.
There are governments that continue doing neoliberal politics. But one shouldn’t be inflexible. I think that one should judge the correlation of forces that each government has internally, and therefore one must judge them not by the rhythm with which they advance, but by the direction towards which they advance.
What are the criteria to judge them according to the direction in which they advance?
Of President Lula in Brazil, for example, one can’t ask the same things as one asks of Chávez, but evidently one could ask more of Lula than what he does. In order to know if a government advances towards the goal (socialism) or not, it is very important to decide: What has it done in regard to nationalisations? What has it done with regard to the participation of workers in enterprises? What has it done about increasing the social ownership of the means of production? What has it done regarding the media and popular protagonism?
And what about the right wing, taking into account Perú, Colombia and Panamá?
There are people who say that this is a cycle that Latin America is passing through and soon a counter-cycle will come. I am an optimist regarding the correlation of forces (favourable to the left). In Uruguay the movement continues and makes irreversible the process of the accumulation of left forces in Latin America. The peoples are understanding once again that it is very different to have a progressive government, although it might not be revolutionary, than a right-wing one.
And in your native Chile?
While the left devotes itself to party politicking, the right devotes itself to work with the communities. We have to ask why Michelle Bachelet is so popular, with more than 80% support, yet her coalition, the Concertación,[1] has less than 50%.
Note
[1] Concert of Parties for Democracy (Spanish: Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia), more often known as the Concertación, is a coalition of centre-left political parties in Chile, founded in 1988.
[This interview was originally published in the December 3, 2009 edition of Correo del Orinoco in Caracas. It was translated by Sean Seymour-Jones for Venezuelanalysis.com.]