From Bangui to BRICS: If you carve Africa, Africa may carve you too
South African troops in the Central African Republic.
[See also "South Africa: brics-from-below!" For more on BRICS click HERE. For more articles by Patrick Bond, click HERE.]
By Patrick Bond and Khadija Sharife, Durban
March 27, 2013 – Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal – The reach of the Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) leaders far into the African continent was palpable this week, not just here in Durban where they are gathering to plan investments and infrastructure, but everywhere up-continent where extraction does extreme damage.
One site is the Central African Republic, where the combat deaths of 13 South African National Defence Force troops on March 23 – in a fight involving 200 South African troops against more than 1000 Seleka rebels – were in vain. They were not in support of African democracy, for François Bozizé was such an embarrassing tyrant that not even France made an attempt to prop him up. Tragically, over the past 10 weeks, South African troops have been defending counterproductive, repressive military investments and potential mining deals, as deputy foreign minister Ebrahim Ebrahim let on in a recent interview explaining their deployment in the Central African Republic.
A Reuters correspondent is probably correct: “It is particularly embarrassing for South Africa, which is seeking to project itself as an influential regional power on the continent this week as it hosts a summit of the BRICS emerging states and welcomes new Chinese President Xi Jinping on his first visit to Africa as head of state.”
It’s not just a matter of oft-remarked military incompetence. The “resource curse” reminder is also stark, coming alongside the ongoing socioeconomic and environmental chaos in Marikana’s platinum mines and Zimbabwe’s Marange diamond fields.
Hopefully, the awful news from Bangui was a wake-up call to BRICS heads of state. Can they clear their heads and contemplate the extractive-industry crises they are amplifying, hand in glove with Western corporations and the 15 African leaders meeting at Durban’s wealthiest gated-community resort, Zimbali, later today?
Mugabe and Zim diamonds
At Zimbali, by coincidence, Zimbabwe’s president Robert Mugabe is putting finishing touches on a glorious mansion, maybe for his coming voluntary retirement. Might that precedent explain the BRICS delegation’s detour far north of the city, followed by their evening return to the International Convention Centre?
The likes of Uganda’s tyrant Yoweri Museveni, the most senior addition, will have a chance to check out the local real estate market for a future nightmare scenario when Arab Spring-type democratic revolts succeed.
In late 2011, after Ugandans were inspired by Egyptians at Tahrir Square, Museveni outlawed the country’s famous “Walk-to-Work” protests: the favoured Kampala tactic was simply strolling. Museveni’s militarisation of the territory now under oil exploration is the predictable precursor for resource cursed Uganda.
At Marange in eastern Zimbabwe, members of Mugabe’s closest faction – including defence minister Emmerson Mnangagwa, army commander Constantine Chiwenga and others running the junta known as the Joint Operations Command – are allied with a Shanghai company via a joint venture known as Anjin, which allows the Chinese company to run a tight labour regime (paying unskilled workers just $180 a month), while the military manages overall security.
Billions of dollars worth of Marange diamonds have already been extracted, with only a tiny trickle flowing back to the finance ministry in Harare. Chiwenga’s many trips to China sealed military deals including a recently launched $100 million army training school as well as arms purchases that everyone hopes are not used in coming weeks, as the national election approaches.
Meanwhile, with Johannesburg hosting the 10th anniversary of the Kimberley Process for corporate social responsibility in the diamond trade next month, we cannot forget how South Africa’s policy manager Abbey Chikane colluded in the five-week arrest (and torture) of Farai Maguwu, who has been watchdogging the diamond trade and winning Human Rights Watch awards for his bravery.
Remarked Ian Smillie, a key architect of the Kimberley Process, “We don’t know where all the [Marange] diamonds went that were approved by Chikane. Chikane was a mistake on several levels. He was closely allied with the government of South Africa, which had demonstrated a pathological inability to be critical of Zimbabwe’s horrendous human rights abuse in Marange. And he has extensive personal business interests in the Southern African diamond industry that should have disqualified him from the outset.”
Marikana
There is similar resource curse underway in platinum. In recent days, at the Farlam Commission hearings into the Marikana massacre, more Lonmin connections to the South African police murderers have been revealed via incriminating emails from African National Congress deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa – who owned 9 per cent of Lonmin at the time – sent to his allies running the police and mining ministries the day before the killing of 34 miners last August.
It all reeks of the crony capitalism that we fear when BRICS heads of state and corporate interests crowd into the same Durban International Convention Centre hallways. Pretoria’s foreign ministry bureaucrats have explicitly excluded anyone from civil society from attending, and South Africa’s most accomplished environmentalist, Bobby Peek, was even prohibited from entering for a debate on national radio on March 26.
A few hours later on the same radio network, South Afrcia’s BRICS ambassador Anil Sukla confirmed Pretoria’s refusal to send a representative to the “brics-from-below” civil society conference at Diakonia church, occurring on March 25-26 just a few minutes from the BRICS meeting. Requests to participate in BRICS deliberations made over prior weeks by social movements, NGOs and major trade unions were swatted away by Suklal’s colleagues – yet big business has pride of place inside today.
Development Bank of Southern Africa
That leaves BRICS rulers and their corporations to quietly plan the further looting of Africa, joined by the pliable guests led by Museveni. However, subsidised state funding is needed to facilitate deals because commercial banks know there are intolerable risks – like those the SANDF troops just suffered.
To facilitate, the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) is lining up to play a crucial role, and Suklalk has lobbied for it to host the $50 billion BRICS Bank that will be launched today. In contrast, offers to instead support the late Hugo Chavez’s Bank of the South were spurned by BRICS, who apparently want an institution without any residue of more progressive development ideals.
The DBSA’s team is led by former South African spy chief Mo Shaik, through its subsidiary Development Bank International. Shaik is notorious for political shenanigans dating to the government’s notorious late 1990s arms deals.
Still, more than $700 million was authorised for DBSA recapitalisation last month in South African finance minister Pravin Gordhan’s budget, in the wake of the DBSA’s $40 million loss in part due to gambling in mining concerns like Ramaphosa’s last year.
Revealing its new orientation, the pro-privatisation DBSA has, in recent weeks, been firing most of its social and environmental staff and shutting down its development journal and library. Its record of infrastructure investment – including commercialised water and toll-roads – does not bode well for people or the planet. Expect the BRICS Bank’s subsidised rail, road and port credits to lubricate more multinational corporate extraction.
But as Pretoria’s commitment to Bangui shows, when these elites carve up Africa, the backlash can be brutal. A different way is needed: with more respect for societies and nature than for the profits of BRICS corporates. There are countless forms of resistance being shared by brics-from-below activists from each of the countries and their hinterlands – and growing linkages that mean coordinated critique and campaigning can be a logical next step in bottom-up internationalism.
[Patrick Bond and Khadija Sharife are based at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Centre for Civil Society.]