BRICS lessons from Mozambique

Floods in Mozambique have worsened.

By Bobby Peek

July 24, 2013 – Pambazuka News, posted at Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal with permission – Just across the border in Mozambique there is neo-colonial exploitation underway. It is not Europe or the United States that are dominating, but rather countries that are often looked up to as challengers, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). This is a dangerous statement to make but let us consider the facts.

South Africa is extracting 415 megawatts of electricity from Mozambique through the Portuguese developed Cahora Bassa Dam, which has altered permanently the flow of the Zambezi River, resulting in severe flooding on a more frequent basis over the last years. In the recent floods earlier this year it is reported that a women gave birth on a rooftop of a clinic, this follows a similar incident in 2000, when Rosita Pedro was born on a tree after severe flooding that year.

South Africa’s failing energy utility Eskom is implicated in the further damming of the Zambezi, for it is likely to make a commitment to buy power from the proposed Mpanda Nkua Dam just downstream of Cahora Bassa. Most of the cheap energy generated by that dam is fed into a former South African firm, BHP Billiton, at the world’s lowest price – but jobs are few and profits are repatriated to the new corporate headquarters in Melbourne, Australia.

After years of extracting onshore gas from near Vilanculos, the South African apartheid-created oil company Sasol is planning to exploit what are some of Africa’s largest offshore gas fields, situated off Mozambique, in order to serve South Africa’s own export led growth strategy.

Brazil

Brazil is also in Mozambique. Sharing a common language as a result of colonial subjugation by the Portuguese, business in Mozambique is easier. The result is that the Brazilian company Vale, which is the world’s second-largest metals and mining company and one of the largest producers of raw materials globally, has a foothold in the Tete Province of Mozambique between Zimbabwe and Malawi. Brazil is so sensitive about its operations there that an activist challenging Vale from Mozambique was denied entrance to Brazil last year to participate in the Rio+20 gathering. He was flown back to Mozambique, and only after a global outcry was made led by Friends of the Earth International, was he allowed to return for the gathering.

Further to this, India also has an interest in Mozambique. The India-based Jindal group which comprises both mining and smelting set their eyes on Mozambican coal in Moatize, as well as having advanced plans for a coal-fired power station in Mozambique, again to create supply for the demanding elite driven economy of South Africa.

Russia also plays an interesting role in Mozambique. While not much is known about the Russian state and corporate involvement, following the break when the Soviet Union collapsed, there is a link with Russia’s Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation which has non-ferrous metal operations in Mozambique. Interestingly the Russian government has just invested R1.3 billion in Mozambique to facilitate skills development to actively exploit hydrocarbons and other natural resources, according to Russia's foreign minister Sergei Lavrov.

So this tells a tale of one country, in which tens of billions of rands of investment by BRICS countries and companies in extracting minerals results in the extraction of wealth. Mozambique will join the resourced cursed societies of our region, with polluted local environments and a changed structure of peoples’ lives, making them dependent on foreign decisions rather than their own local and national political power. This is not a random set of exploitations, but rather a well-orchestrated strategy to shift the elite development agenda away from Europe, the US and Japan, to what we now term the BRICS.

This positioning means that the BRICS drive for economic superiority is pursued in the name of poverty alleviation. No matter how one terms the process – imperialist, sub-imperialist, post-colonial, or whatever – the reality is that these countries are challenging the power relations in the world, but sadly the model chosen to challenge this power is nothing different from the model that has resulted in mass poverty and elite wealth globally.

This is the model of extraction and intensely capital-intensive development based upon burning and exploiting carbon, and of elite accumulation through structural adjustment also termed the Washington Consensus. The agenda of setting up the Brics Bank is a case in point: it is opaque and not open to public scrutiny. Except for the reality as presented above, these countries are coming together with their corporate powers to decide who gets what were in the hinterland of Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Caucuses.

It is projected that by 2050, BRICS countries will be in the top 10 economies of the world, aside for South Africa. So the question has to be asked why is South Africa in the BRICS? Simply put, the reality is that South Africa is seen as a gateway for corporations into Africa, be they energy or financial corporations. This is because of South Africa’s vast footprint on the continent.

Remember former south African president Thabo Mbeki’s peace missions? Well they were not all about peace; they were about getting South African companies established in areas of unrest so that when peace happens they are there first to exploit the resources in these countries. This could potentially be a negative role, if South Africa is only used as a gateway to facilitate resources extraction and exploitation of Africa by BRICS countries, as it is now by the West. The question has to be asked by South Africans why do we allow this? I do not have the answer.

Returning to poverty alleviation, the reality is that in the BRICS countries we have the highest gap between those who earn the most and the poor, and this gap is growing. Calling the bluff of poverty alleviation is critical. How to unpack this opaque agenda of the BRICS governments is a challenge. For while their talk is about poverty alleviation the reality is something else.

We recognise that what the BRICS is doing is nothing more than what the global North has been doing to the global South, but as we resist these practices from the North, we must be bold enough to resist these practices from our fellow countries in the South.

Thus critically, the challenge going forward for society is to understand the BRICS and given how much is at stake, critical civil society must scrutinise the claims, the processes and the outcomes of the BRICS summit and its aftermath, and build a strong criticism of the Brics that demands equality and not new forms of exploitation.

[Bobby Peek is director of the South Africa-based environmental NGO groundWork.]

Vale leads corporates in offsetting and ‘false solutions’

By Friends of the Earth International

July 24, 2013 – Pambazuka News – The Brazilian company Vale is the world’s second-largest metals and mining company and one of the largest producers of raw materials globally [1]. The company is expanding rapidly [2], including in Africa where it has significant interests in coal – one of the most carbon intensive sources of energy.

Keen to protect its extractive and energy interests, Vale has used its proximity to the Brazilian government (which owns part of the company) to push for industry-driven measures through the UN’s climate negotiations, urging greater financial incentives and less stringent regulations for offsetting. Vale’s two-handed climate strategy – through which it develops a global extractive business while undertaking profitable offsetting initiatives at home – has allowed it to profit from false solutions to the climate crisis and simultaneously exacerbate the climate problem through its mining activities. Vale’s actions prove that climate change is a good business opportunity.

Vale is the world’s largest producer of iron ore and pellets (a key raw material for the iron and steel industry) and the world’s second-largest producer of nickel, used to produce stainless steel and metal alloys. A publicly listed company, its profits were $17 billion in 2010.[3] The group also produces manganese, ferroalloys, coal, copper, cobalt, platinum metals and fertiliser nutrients, which account for almost 20 per cent of its gross revenues.[4]

The former state-owned and profitable company was privatised in 1997 in the midst of people’s protests and accusations of corruption of the privatisation process. It maintains close ties with the Brazilian government. Early in 2011, Vale was reported to have replaced its chief executive following criticism from the government. [4] Murilo Pinto de Oliveira Ferreira now heads the company. It is therefore difficult to say whether the company operates in the interest of private shareholders or in the government’s interest. [6] By the same token, it is hard to know when governments rule in favour of people or of corporations like Vale. [7]

Vale and climate change

Vale describes its corporate mission as "to transform mineral resources into prosperity and sustainable development" [8] and in 2008 launched "Corporate Guidelines on Climate Changes and Carbon", setting out its intentions for cutting carbon dioxide emissions. [9] According to its own figures, Vale emitted 20 million tons of CO2 in 2010, increasing from 15 million tons in 2007. [10]

Vale’s commitment to cutting carbon dioxide does not include phasing out its coal operations and indeed its guidelines state: "It is our understanding that coal and other fossil fuels will continue to have an important role in the global energy matrix, and that there is a need to strive for balance between energy security and climate security."

While not planning to phase out of coal, the Vale Carbon Program emphasises the importance of investing in technology and in less carbon-intensive processes in order to minimise emissions. In Vale’s operations, this translates as expanding the use of tree plantation monocultures – which would be a less intensive use of carbon in the hypothetical case of charcoal replacing coal in its ever growing steel production – and a strategy of carbon sequestration and generation of carbon credits and offsets.

It also commits the company to making maximum use of offsetting mechanisms for greenhouse gas emissions reductions, urging that: "whenever possible to obtain associated financial benefits through participation in the carbon market, via the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other current and future markets". [11] Another pillar of the program is "engagement with governments and the private sector to monitor and contribute to the preparation of regulatory frameworks required to tackle climate change". [12] In fact, the industry sector in Brazil played a big role in shaping climate policies that open up new carbon markets opportunities.

Vale in Mozambique

Vale has operations in a number of African countries and in 2004 was awarded a mining concession in Mozambique to extract coal. The Moatize coal project in the Zambezi River basin is based in one of the world’s largest coal reserves.

Vale Mozambique, a joint venture that is 85 per cent controlled by Vale, began producing coal in 2008. The Moatize project is expected to produce 11 million tons of coal per year once it is fully operational.

Most of the coal will be exported to Brazil, Europe, Asia and the Middle East for producing steel and generating electricity [13] , although Vale has also announced its intention to build a coal-to-liquid plant in Mozambique [14], thus allowing the coal to be used for transport fuel.

Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in Africa and its economy has traditionally relied on agriculture. Located in a low-lying coastal area, it is described as "vulnerable to the effects of climate change", including tropical cyclones, floods and droughts. [15]

Estimates suggest Mozambique has some 23 billion tonnes of coal. [16] Vale’s Moatize project has however attracted criticism. In a demonstration of the environmental impacts inherent in a large-scale coal mining operation, some 1300 families were forced to relocate to make way for the mine. An investigation by the Mozambique Center for Public Integrity found that the company had pursued a divide and rule strategy in dealing with the community, and that houses provided for resettlement were built with leaky roofs and without foundations. [17]

Local people told Friends of the Earth (FoE) Mozambique that the company had taken over the area, creating a "little Brazil". They claim that local workers are employed on short-term contracts and have few rights.

One spokesperson from the community of Chipanga told FoE Mozambique that "members of the affected communities have been threatened, persecuted and harassed".

The mining project has drawn employees from neighbouring countries, as well as from further afield [18], creating resentment among local people who do not have jobs.

At present the situation surrounding Vale’s Moatize project is dire and worsening by the day. In late 2011 FoE Mozambique invited members of the community from the area affected by the project to share their experiences and raise awareness of the problems they are facing with Vale. The issue was taken to Parliament, where it was agreed that a parliamentary working group should visit the area.

In January 2012, after numerous failed attempts by the affected communities to resolve the many issues and injustices associated with Vale, the community resorted to peaceful demonstrations, which were met with aggression by the state police in an attempt to intimidate and suppress the communities’ call for justice. Nevertheless, the train taking coal to the Beira harbour had to be turned back.

Among Vale’s several large-scale mining projects that have direct impact on peoples and the environment in Brazil [19] , FoE Brazil highlights the controversial steel complex of Companhia Siderurgica do Atlantico (TKCSA), a joint project between Thyssenkrupp and Vale at the Sepetiba Bay in Rio de Janeiro.

The plant that entered into operation in June 2010 was designed to produce around 5 million tons of steel per year and includes a coking plant feed by imported coal, blast furnaces, converters, and continuous casting machines.

Although increasing the CO2 emission of the city of Rio de Janeiro by 76 per cent, the project was elected by the CDM Board as a provider of carbon credits, due to a supposed reduction of CO2 emissions through the installation of a highly efficient power plant that will run on blast furnace gas in a combined cycle mode of electricity generation. [20]

The project negatively affected the livelihoods of 8000 fishing workers living in traditional communities in the Sepetiba bay [21][22] . The onset of industrial activity led to air pollution levels exceeding environmental limits, and metal-like particulate matter spread all over the Santa Cruz neighbourhood and surrounding areas. [23] TKCSA was denounced for environmental crimes in the Brazilian courts [24] , and condemned by the Peoples Permanent Tribunal in Madrid in May 2010 [25].

Yet both Vale and Thyssenkrupp have a seat on the Rede Clima of the National Confederation of Industries (CNI), a network created by the industrial sector to influence the government in its definition of national policies and Sectorial Plans for Climate Change and Adaptation. [26]

Vale's lobbying agenda

Vale has actively engaged in the international climate process by lobbying the Brazilian government, both in the run up to UNFCCC climate talks in Copenhagen in 2009 (COP15), [27] and as part of the Brazilian business delegation. [28]. It was also part of the Brazilian official delegation to Cancun in 2010 (COP16).

Vale’s Carbon Program is explicit about the company’s desired approach in tackling climate change: "We consider that the development and dissemination of technology are fundamental aspects for climate change."

In the run up to COP15, Vale was the lead signatory to a joint open letter from 30 major Brazilian companies to the Brazilian government [29] which presented proposals for action. These included calls to effectively weaken standards for the CDM, with a request for "simplification of the evaluation process" including "eliminating the concepts of financial and regulatory additionallities"; and a request to "support the creation of an incentives mechanism for REDD" (the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries) and a set of demands and proposals.

Vale’s two-handed climate strategy – through which it develops a global extractive business while undertaking profitable offsetting initiatives at home – backed up by its close relationship with the Brazilian government, has allowed it to profit from false solutions to the climate crisis while simultaneously profiting from exacerbating the climate problem through its mining activities. Again, climate change is good for business. Vale was also in Durban COP17 to ensure it stays that way.

Corporations such as Vale influence the current transition of public policies based on rights to market policies on the wave of the green economy. This is expanding their political role, as well as the concentration of power and profits in the green business, while delaying real solutions needed to help humankind overcome the current climate and environmental crises.

Notes

[1] http://tinyurl.com/3l9y4jg

[2] http://tinyurl.com/lmrkpdg

[3] http://tinyurl.com/l9tzngs

[4] http://tinyurl.com/3l9y4jg

[5] http://tinyurl.com/lo7uw7n

[6] http://tinyurl.com/mkb5fjk

[7] The full report “How corporations rule, Part 3: Vale” can be accessed at the Friends of the Earth International website: http://tinyurl.com/lojst3k.

[8] http://tinyurl.com/kzlyh9q

[9] http://tinyurl.com/mcjs92k

[10] http://tinyurl.com/n3vj7o5

[11] http://tinyurl.com/mcjs92k

[12] http://tinyurl.com/k6oxr8r

[13] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7967809.stm

[14] http://tinyurl.com/kk7r35u

[15] http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/CDM/mozambique.shtml

[16] http://tinyurl.com/n2gzgar

[17] http://tinyurl.com/m79vfee

[18] http://tinyurl.com/lahkh2p

[19] See a complete report on Vale’s impacts and violations worldwide at: http://tinyurl.com/kwwu6l3.