Britain: Behind the strong vote for far-right UKIP
Anti-UKIP protest.
For more coverage of the 2014 European elections, click HERE.
[See a table containing the results for the European left, Green and left nationalist parties HERE.]
By Dave Kellaway
May 26, 2014 – Socialist Resistance – Despite a strong support for the far right, the radical anti-austerity left maintained and increased its votes in some countries such as Greece, but also Spain and Portugal.
One of the electronic gizmos on the BBC coverage last night was particularly impressive. It showed voting support by the different light intensity of the party colour on a big map of Britain. Change from the last Euro elections could also be demonstrated. That was when the impact of the breakthrough of Britain's far-right United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) really came home to you. Apart from the some urban areas and Labour strongholds like London, Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle, the purple tide was rising everywhere. At the same time you could enjoy the fading of the Liberal Democrat paty (LibDem) light, which incidentally helped the Greens win another seat in the South West, one of the few bright spots of the evening.
There is no point downplaying the UKIP phenomenon. It is the first time a party outside the mainstream government or official opposition has topped the vote in a national poll. When UKIP was getting 1% 20 years ago we thought that this is just a crackpot fringe of little Englanders. Nobody took it very seriously on the right or left. Yesterday, UKIP increased its share by nearly 11% and topped the poll with about 28%. This comes after a very good result in the local elections where it dramatically increased the number of its councillors and took votes mainly from the Tories but also significantly in certain Labour Party areas the latter needs to win to gain a general election win. Why have UKIP had this success.
UKIP leader Nigel Farage and UKIP are about Europe, but it is a lot more than Europe. Their historic base has been a reservoir of anti-EU sentiment that has always existed more strongly in the UK than elsewhere in Europe due to Britain’s imperialist past and "island" identity. But Europe has become an emotional commonsense narrative that it has used to reinforce and amplify many people’s feelings that the Westminster mainstream parties do not represent ordinary people.
In the early days it was more focussed on the eurocrats and their anti-British policies. This has become more and more overlaid with the crisis of legitimacy of the national parties. The expenses scandal and the fact that all the mainstream parties carry out the same pro-austerity program has given this line a turbo boost. Farage can champion the little guy against the power of the banks that all the three main parties have cuddled up to for so long.
Of course within this narrative, and linked to the lack of control Britain has over Euro laws, is the immigration issue. Again something that has gone up and down in political relevance from the time of Enoch Powell in the 1970s with his dire warnings of "rivers of blood". The economic crisis and huge attacks on wages and living standards has exacerbated concerns on immigration among working people and Farage has openly exploited this by arguing not just for a stop on non-EU migrants but also on those who are legally entitled to come and go such as Rumanians or others. The fact that the British National Party vote, which was a tidy 6.2% last time, was completely sucked up by UKIP is no surprise. So racism and giving it a respectable veneer is the key driver behind its recent surge.
Some people on the left have suggested that the media, particularly the BBC, has been soft on UKIP and in this way has fundamentally contributed to its astonishing rise. There is some truth in this insofar as the BBC coverage of the local elections tended to downplay the gains that the Labour Party had made and that it was the leading party by focussing a lot of the coverage on UKIP. Nevertheless, that the mainstream media will tend to reproduce the myths of immigration and in this way will be "soft" on Farage is not new – it applies to Conservative (Tory) or Labour party politicians when they talk on immigration too. Inevitably the new brand that is exploding will always get more publicity. That is how the media works, always extolling the new.
Most of the printed media apart from the Guardian, Independent and Mirror openly supports the Tories and they are not particularly in the pay of Farage. Indeed most the media ran a lot of the stories about those UKIP candidates who were saying outrageous things, the Sun called it racist. Some of the media that are more anti-Europe and want to push the Tories towards UKIP policies are more obliging to UKIP.
However all the scare stories and protests reported against Farage had no impact on his supporters. Some commentators have correctly pointed out that the UKIP voter is not voting for a set of policies against the mainstream parties, they do not slavish follow what the media want – none of whom called for a vote for UKIP. No, they are voting for an attitude, a gut feeling, a narrative represented by the Farage image of the bloke down your local pub whom you can have a pint with and denounce all the politicians and moan about the immigrants. Racist attitudes always present in British society but challenged and weakened somewhat by the practical growth of multiculturalism particularly in the big conurbations has re-emerged more openly in this way. Richard Seymour on his blog Lenin’s Tomb has understood this very well. Today it is not surprising that the media is full of UKIP, looking at it historically it is at least a temporary shift in the traditional two and half party system in this country. Who knows if it represents a long-term decline in this system that is also reflected in the rise of the nationalists and consolidation of the Greens.
One factor that should not be ignored in the UKIP success is the fact that some key wealthy donors, in particular Paul Sykes, have bankrolled the party through the long march to today’s success. The significance of the local and European elections is that the party’s embedding in the institutions provides a much stronger material base for its further growth. Many pundits used to say that UKIP will do okay in Euro-election, which does not elect a national government and is ideal for protest votes, but will find it harder in real elections. Today UKIP has hundreds of councillors who can deal with real day-to-day local politics. Are parliamentary MPs a glass ceiling for UKIP? Looking at the results in Newark, which were flashed up yesterday giving them a majority, or the way it has acquired local strongholds in Kent, the south west and the east of England, who can be sure? Farage is even talking of having a handful of MPs who could be the powerbrokers in a hung parliament. Nobody thought we would see coalition government for a whole parliamentary term so stranger things have happened.
The impact on Labour and the Tories
More important than how many MPs they may get it is the impact on the other mainstream parties. This is the most important immediate political consequence. They are in a quandary about what to do with UKIP: debate them? Look what happened to the Lib Dems, down to one MEP and Clegg’s head on the line. Attack them? Some Labour luminaries did this at the end over the reluctance of backroom strategists. It just seemed to give the UKIP brand more resonance.
But they are all moving more urgently now. A number of Tory MPs are floating the idea of pacts with UKIP in certain areas to hold off a Labour Party win in a general election. The in-out referendum on Europe has moved centre-stage with Prime Minister David Cameron talking it up and Labour dissenters like Frank Field pushing Labour Party leader Ed Miliband – who is very lukewarm on this – to commit to it.
More serious from the point of view of defending working people is the way the Tories and Labour are scrambling to make themselves tougher than the other on immigration. Duncan Smith has already announced reducing how long an EU migrant can receive benefit to three months and Sadiq Khan had penned an open letter to UKIP supporters grovelling about how the Labour Party was wrong on immigration. Just as in France the effect of the rise of far right, nationalist parties with racist policies is to shift the entire political system to the right. More than ever Left Unity, Peoples Assembly and other forces to the left of Labour have to campaign more vigorously against UKIP without letting the other parties off the hook.
What about the Labour Party? Did it do well as Dianne Abbott on the Sunday Politics show was enthusing – she said the UKIP bubble would burst at the Newark by-election and definitely by the general election. She encouraged us all to get behind Ed Miliband with his excellent policies. Well Labour did regain support from its 2010 disaster, both in the local and Euro elections. However UKIP prevented it winning Thurrock, a target marginal, and weakened its support in places like Rotherham. Although it regained support (+10%) from its quite poor result in 2009 it became the first official opposition since Neil Kinnock, 30 years ago, to fail to win a Euro election. Worse it only beat the Tories by 1.5% points.
Indeed one of the ominous signs for Labour, apart from the ghost of Kinnock, is the surprising level of support for the Tories. If the perception that the economy is improving extends to broader layers of the population then this is not good news for Labour. The problem, as Andrew Rawnsley mentioned in the Observer yesterday, is not that Labour do not have some progressive policies that are popular such as on the minimum wage, rents, railways and GP appointments, but that it has a problem communicating them. This is completely tied up with a massive scepticism about whether Labour will or can carry out any of these policies. Labour is still hamstrung with its image as the party that was in hock to the bankers and led us into the crisis. Because its political program is austerity-lite with a few progressive add-ons this fails to convince and above all fails to mobilise. If on the other hand (and pigs would fly) it was fully involved in building the June 21 anti-austerity demo or the July strike action or making sure all its councils refused to evict bedroom tax defaulters, then we might see a surge in support.
We often forget that the so-called political earthquake we are witnessing is based on a turnout of 37%. A fighting Labour Party defending working people would be getting more people to come out and vote.
The left of Labour
The Greens, although they got another MEP, actually slipped back inits vote share, losing nearly a percentage point. However the Greens are still on around 8% and this represents a solid achievement for a left of Labour Party. It confirms our analysis that Labour, unlike in previous periods like the 1950s and 1960s no longer has an overwhelming hegemony, either ideologically or organisationally inside the working class. Policies put forward by the Greens were more radical than Labour on a series of issues.
For Left Unity and other projects aiming to recompose the left it is unlikely that the Greens can be left out of the equation. An extra MEP provides the left and the labour movement with another ally in campaigning to defend the environment and working people.
NO2EU, the radical left campaign backed by the RMT transport union and the Socialist Party, lost votes compared to last time. It won around 32,000 votes or 0.2%, a decline of 0.8%. It came below groups like the Christian Peoples Alliance, but it did get more than groups like the Pirate Party or the Roman Party (who are they, do they have toga evenings?). So not a resounding success to say the least. It was prefigured by the reluctance of even the Trade Union and Socialist Coalition (TUSC), which includes the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), to support its campaign. The name and its general line appear to have been drowned in what ordinary punters saw as the main anti-EU party, UKIP. Hopefully this setback, coupled with the lack of progress in the TUSC local election results will lead to a re-evaluation of the whole project. It would be positive if TUSC could come to an understanding with Left Unity that you cannot build a real electoral presence with patched up coalitions of groups that only really exist during election campaigns. The lesson of the Greens shows that campaigning real parties with local membership groups and democratic functioning from the base up, can steadily bring results.
Results across Europe
How does the British result fit within the Euro election results throughout Europe? Nationalist anti-EU parties with varying degrees of racism have generally done well, with the big success being the 25% and top place won by Marine Le Pen’s Front National in France. But similar parties in Denmark (23%) and Austria (20%) and Hungary (14.5%) also scored well.
Generally governing parties carrying out austerity policies have been punished, except in Germany where the crisis is less severe, and in Italy. There the media honeymoon with the youthful prime minister Matteo Renzi gave the governing Democratic Party (PD) an historic 40% with his right of centre partners falling to 20%. Grillo’s anti-EU and anti-government M5S (Five Star) movement fell back from its general election high to 21%. The left of PD Tspiras for Europe slate just sneaked past the 4% threshold and got MEPs.
In the Spanish state and Greece we saw progress for the radical left. The Izquierda Plural (a version of the United Left [Izquierda Unida]) got 10% of the vote and Podemos, a recently established expression of the Indignados movement that is considered to the left of IU got an astonishing 8%. The mainstream right of centre government and the social-liberal Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) both lost big chunks of its support. This result reflects the severity of the austerity policies there and the strength of the resistance. A link on this website to the International Viewpoint magazine provides an interview with two comrades from Podemos.
In Greece, Syriza has become the biggest party (26.5%) but the fascist Golden Dawn got 10%. Syriza is four points ahead of Greece’s governing party and this is a good launch pad for future general elections.
The radical left in France did not progress, the Front de Gauche (Left Front) got 6.6 % and three MEPs. This score is slightly up on last time, in line with local elections recently but down on the presidential elections. Tensions between Front leader Jean-Luc Melenchon’s Left Party and the Communist Party over the fact that the latter stood in slates with the Socialist Party in the first round in some areas in the local elections, have not helped. Groups to the left of the Front de Gauche, such as the New Ainti-Capitalist Party and Lutte Ouvriere did not get across the threshold.
Portugal saw another government sanctioned with the opposition Socialist Party winning and radical opposition forces still in play. The traditional Communist Party and its Green allies won 12.6% (up 2 points) and the Bloco de Esquerra (Left Bloc) managed to save one seat with 4.5%, down from its three MEPs. The protest party Land Movement Party (MPT) came from nowhere to get 7.1 % on a populist campaign against all political parties. Previously it has participated in coalition governments, so it appears to be a maverick type of party that like Grillo’s M5S movement in Italy and is not easy to classify.
Generally the radical left group in the European Parliament will be strengthened by about four MEPs to a group of 39 according to the BBC, although they might not have factored in the Podemos group. This is bit less than they were hoping for.
Both in the UK and Europe we can see that the ruling classes in a number of countries are continuing to have problems in managing a crisis of political representation where large numbers of voters, faced with the austerity crisis and its associated democratic deficit, are abandoning the mainstream parties. People have lost confidence in them and are supporting anti-EU or anti-government or populist parties and in some cases more radical left currents.
Although the rise of far-right, nationalist and racist currents is negative this crisis continues to provide us with the opportunity of building broad class-struggle parties like Left Unity as a political alternative to social-liberal left-of-centre parties.
Behind the strong vote for far-right UKIP
Yes globally, not just in Europe, there is a radicalisation taking place in response to the systemic five-fold crisis of the capitalist mode of production - economic, structural, fiscal, moral and ecological. And yes this maturing radicalisation is not travelling along mainstream lines. The reason is crystal clear. Very few mainstream political parties are viewed by radicalised people as radical enough in the current and developing situation. But I suggest we need to include more. This radicalisation is bifurcated by the class and religious divisions in our global capitalist society.
Under the banner of austerity, ruling bourgeois pro-capitalist political elites in the advanced countries are radicalising the state welfare structures in response to the fiscal (sovereign debt) aspect of crisis and the broader economic over-production crisis. In general (and globally) they are also radicalising the states armed bodies of men who are the ruling elites physical defence mechanism. Both these forms of anti-working class radicalisation are supported by many in the economic and social elite sections who benefit from the capitalist system. Many of these layers are voting or thinking of voting for right-wing nationalist parties pledged to maintaining the capitalist system - which includes UKIP in the UK.
White-collar, blue-collar and unemployed workers are also slowly becoming radicalised but also do not see any of the reformist political parties and movements as sufficiently radical to reverse or transcend the current 'common-sense' economic platitudes (ie we must encourage economic growth) currently in vogue. Further, given the palpable failure of 'socialism' in all its past forms (reformist and Stalinist), the incorporation of the trade union movement within the capitalist system and the sectarian nature of majority of the anti-capitalist left, the working and oppressed classes in general have very few avenues to express any increasing radicalisation they feel.
For this reason (including political corruption, incompetence and inter-party collusion) large majorities of working and oppressed people are progressively refusing to vote - hence the low voter turnouts everywhere - not just Europe! The radicalisation of this section has yet to fully materialise and in many places it simply lies dormant.
Another section of radicalised people are active in various community and rights campaigns, street demonstrations etc., but are not enthusiastic supporters of the bourgeois democratic process of electing representatives (left, centre or right) to continue to govern and control their lives.
A third smaller section of the radicalising working oppressed classes have voted for UKIP (etc.), but not necessarily out of racist or nationalist reasons. Some working class UKIP (etc) voters may dimly (or even clearly) see the current Europe Economic Community as a capitalist structure bent on lowering wages and removing jobs from high pay secure to low pay insecure. They are not wrong in this and some are reacting against this. Understanding this and drawing appropriate conclusions will be important. In many places such voters may see there is no other existing serious alternative to addressing these devastating economic symptoms other than voting for UKIP.
A fourth small section of the increasingly radicalised working and oppressed classes in the globe are turning to religious fundamentalism, particularly Islamic, as an alternative form of governance to the current 'western' variant of the neo-liberal socio-economic model.
Finally, there is the remnants of the radicalising left itself. Some of whom are nostalgic for the post-war European welfare-state consensus and wish to get back somewhere near that consensus via the democratic process of political party-building, electioneering and election to political power. Yet others are committed to the need to argue and campaign for a recognition that humanity needs to go beyond capital which requires a revolutionary perspective not a reformist one.
The problem for those of us in this final 'mixed' radical category, as I see it, is how to reach and increasingly attract elements from the four previous sections, for so far we have failed miserably. Yet we undoubtedly need them to respond to the issues we raise. So to my mind the present crisis provides us first with an extremely serious challenge rather than an advantageous opportunity articulated in the final sentence. [See for example; 'Fundamentalism' along with 'The Five-Fold Crisis of Capitalism' and 'Form and Essence in the Anti-Capitalist Struggle. all at www.critical-mass.net.]
Regards, Roy
European Parliament elections reveal poverty of British left’s t
From Spectrezine: http://www.spectrezine.org/european-parliament-elections-reveal-poverty-british-left%E2%80%99s-tactics
The results of the European Parliament elections were in the main disappointing for the radical left parties represented in the EP’s United Left Group-Nordic Green Left (GUE-NGL). Although the group increased its size to at least 45 Members, the increase was lower than expected. The radical left performed well in Greece and Spain, and it will be good to see some Italians back in the left group after the list in that country won three seats. It remains to be seen what the Spanish radicals of Podemos will opt for once they encounter the strange realities of political life in Brussels.
While the radical left will lack representation in more than half of the EU’s twenty-eight member states, the British were once again among the very few electorates given no real opportunity to send a left, EU-critical MEP to Brussels and Strasbourg. There is, of course, a ‘sort of’ exception, in that one of Sinn Fein’s MEPs, all of whom are affiliated to the GUE-NGL, represents the North of Ireland, which though not part of Britain, remains, despite the efforts of SF and many others, part of the United Kingdom.
In Britain proper, however, The only EU-critical left candidates, as far as I can establish, will be on the list which calls itself No2EU, Yes to Workers’ Rights. I have read this group’s material and agree with virtually every word. I would have happily voted for them, but only if they had abandoned their policy of refusing to take seats if elected, a policy which is wrong in itself and also guarantees that the group will end up as last time, winning very few votes and no members. In fact, I have found it impossible to find out how many people voted for the list. It is certain to have been a vanishingly small number. If you don’t want to be represented in the European Parliament, after all, it’s a lot less effort to simply not vote.
The group argues its abstentionist position on two grounds. One is that the EP is not a legitimate parliament. With this I agree, but so what? It is a potential forum for presenting a socialist critique of the European Union which, handled well, would in this way reach a wider audience. It also enables left MEPs to act as the eyes and ears of the people, reporting back on enemy movements and the activities of friends and allies in other parts of Europe.
I agree wholeheartedly that the European Parliament has no real legitimacy. But again, so what? What legitimacy, exactly, does the Westminster Parliament have? Contested on a hopelessly undemocratic first-past-the-post system by (in most of Britain) three major parties whose policies scarcely differ, it has become, amongst other things, a device to exclude the left from public debate.
The question for socialists is not the ‘legitimacy’ or otherwise of an elected body within the capitalist system. It is simply whether or not it can be useful. Lenin’s position on participation in the Duma went through a series of evolutions, all of them conditioned by the utter illegitimacy of this Tsarist ‘parliament’. To him, the question was purely tactical. For periods, Bolshevik deputies too their seats, using them to advance their movement. Lenin was operating in a very different situation to our own, and despite his undoubted political genius, it’s a big mistake to think we can simply take our answers from him or from any other great socialist thinkers or activists of the past. In this case, however, I can see no reason to differ on this purely tactical question. This is the only attitude that socialists can take to ‘democratic’ institutions within a thoroughly undemocratic socio-economic system. And at least to sit in the EP you don’t have to take an oath of allegiance to the Queen. What legitimacy, exactly, does the monarchy have?
The second part of the argument, that the body has no powers, is simply wrong. It’s a view that’s hopelessly out of date. The EP has been empowered in certain areas of policy, those covered by what’s known as ‘co-decision’, since the Maastricht Treaty of 1993. These areas are added to at each treaty. The powers that co-decision extends are indeed limited, but they are far from non-existent, as a No2EU, Yes to Workers’ Rights MEP would quickly have discovered when he or she arrived in Brussels.
I hope that in 2019 every citizen of every member state of the EU will have a chance to vote for a radical left list of candidates. As we have seen, one option that they may otherwise exercise will be to vote for vermin like UKIP, the Front National or Golden Dawn. This can only be combatted by offering people a progressive, internationalist alternative with a clear, well-informed and well-argued EU-critical line. In constructing such a position, a number of points need to be borne in mind.
Firstly, the left in Britain is hopelessly isolated. Support from the electorate is almost undetectable. The rest of the European left barely knows of its existence. No serious challenge from the left has been made to the Labour Party, which if it was ever a part of the solution is now very much a major part of the problem. Had Labour and its allies abroad emerged from these elections as the biggest group, as the polls until the very last week predicted, this would have made no difference whatsoever. If social democratic parties were to win general election after general election in member state after member state, the implications of this might well worry the ruling elite, but it would make no direct difference. The moneyed elite, ruling class, bourgeoisie – call it what you will – now owns all mainstream political parties lock, stock and barrel.
One of our major tasks as the radical left is to ensure that our parties don’t get bought too. Of course, this isn’t a problem if, as in Britain, we have no major parties, or even parties which qualify as anything beyond ‘fringe’. This hardly seems, however, a creative solution.
Secondly, although what might be achieved in the EP is limited, it is not non-existent. Left Euro-MPs played a major role in halting the Port Services Directive, which would have cost lives as well as jobs.
It was Erik Meijer from the GUE-NGL-affiliated Socialist Party of the Netherlands who marshalled opposition to a proposal which would have forced local authorities to privatise all of their public transport services - and defeated it. Jonas Sjöstedt, now leader of the Swedish Left Party, led the group’s efforts to restrict GMOs in agriculture. At the time I was advisor on this policy area to the GUE-NGL, and by working with MEPs and staff from other groups who shared our concerns, we were able to win a package of measures which, though far from perfect, is the world’s most restrictive. Most of the time we can’t win, of course, but having people in the EP at least allows the left to expose what is being done by Brussels.
Thirdly, MEPs who do not appear at meetings are expelled after a certain length of time. Members who do appear receive ludicrously high salaries. Almost all GUE-NGL MEPs make huge contributions to their parties, as do staff. When I worked there I gave 40%, but many Members give a much higher percentage in keeping with their higher salaries.
MEPs’ salaries have enabled UKIP to keep their party well-funded, even though it’s unlikely any of them are willing to live on what most left MEPs retain. It would do the same for the left in Britain, if there was a list for which there was the slightest point in voting. It can do the same in any EU member state. The left is chronically short of funds to fight this monstrous system, and to turn your nose up at this is simply suicidal.
It is incumbent on the radical left throughout the EU to begin now to organise a serious campaign for 2019. Where divisions cost the GUE-NGL seats this time these should be overcome, not in any global sense but purely for the purpose of electing MEPs on a minimalist anti-neoliberal platform. To lose seats through divisions, as has happened in France in the last two EP elections, is crazy, when everyone knows that any Communists, Trotskyists, left socialists and the like will end up in the same political group.
We are staring into an abyss. This isn’t principally because of the horrifying vote for the far right, but because those running Europe are already attacking working people viciously enough, already endorsing racist immigration and social policies, already turning the clock back to the nineteenth century and beyond.
Steve McGiffen is Spectrezine’s editor, a long-time campaigner against neoliberal European integration, and a former member of the secretariat of the United Left Group-Nordic Green Left in the European Parliament. The photo shows GUE-NGL Euro-MPs protesting against the European Economic Governance package during a vote in the European Parliament.